Finally, counterfactuals can also be used to demonstrate the lack of consumer harm. Let us, for instance, imagine a scenario where the Commission is investigating a telecommunications operator for allegedly refusing to open its copper network to competitors (as in the Telekomunikacja Polska case). Let us also assume that, due to this alleged refusal to deal, competitors built their own networks. It is well known that facilities-based operators are much better able to compete than service-based competitors relying on the incumbent’s network.83 So as a result of the alleged refusal to deal, the retail prices on the investigated market are lower than on markets where market players rely on the incumbent’s network. In this case, the incumbent could legitimately argue that, if it had granted access to its rivals, the market outcome would have in fact been worse with higher prices, lower quality, and less innovation. Although the Commission may reject this reasoning, the fact of the matter is that mandating firms to give access to alleged essential facilities (in the above, not so essential since rivals built their own network) may negatively affect the incentives of both the dominant firms and its rivals.84
Yo creo que no. Porque no sabemos si la inversión realizada por los competidores en construir su propia red fue una inversión racional y no un exceso innecesario. Es decir, que el resultado de la negativa a contratar pudo ser un exceso de capacidad en el mercado polaco de telecomunicaciones. Naturalmente, siempre que hay exceso de oferta, los precios bajan, pero precios bajos no significa precios eficientes. Puede significar precios por debajo de los que la competencia establecería. Al margen de que la reacción de los competidores podría haber sido la de abandonar el mercado. Cuestión distinta es que limitemos el daño relevante al daño a los consumidores y no al daño al bienestar general.
Por tanto, el contrafáctico no prueba que la negativa a permitir el acceso a su red por parte del incumbente en el caso polaco no provocara un daño. El mismo autor ha colgado una interesante presentación sobre la modernización del Derecho de la Competencia
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